Acne: Cause, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

Jenny
Oct 27, 2024
9 min read

Learn about acne symptoms, causes, types, treatments, and prevention tips to manage breakouts and improve skin health effectively.

Acne is a common skin condition where hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells, resulting in pimples, blackheads, or cysts. Affecting nearly 10% of the world’s population, it’s one of the most widespread skin issues, particularly common among teens but can persist into adulthood. Though anyone can get acne, it often affects individuals undergoing hormonal changes.

Acne Symptoms

Acne symptoms vary in type and severity. Common signs include:

Blackheads: Small, dark-colored spots on the skin’s surface.
Whiteheads: Small, flesh-colored or white bumps under the skin.
Papules: Small, red, tender bumps caused by inflamed pores.
Pustules: Pimples with a white or yellow center, filled with pus.
Nodules: Large, painful lumps beneath the skin, often hard to the touch.
Cysts: Deep, painful, pus-filled lumps that may scar.

Mild acne typically includes blackheads and whiteheads, while moderate to severe acne often presents papules, pustules, nodules, or cysts, requiring more intensive treatment.

Types of Acne

Acne has several types, each with distinct characteristics, has unique symptoms, and often requires targeted treatments.

Comedonal Acne: This type involves non-inflammatory blackheads and whiteheads caused by clogged pores. Common in the T-zone, it often affects those with oily skin.
Inflammatory Acne: Characterized by red, swollen pimples, this type includes papules and pustules. Papules are red bumps without pus, while pustules are similar but contain pus, giving them a white or yellow top.
Nodulocystic Acne: Severe and painful, this type includes nodules and cysts that form deep beneath the skin. Nodules are hard, while cysts are soft and filled with pus. This type is prone to scarring and requires medical treatment.
Hormonal Acne: Often found in adults, particularly women, hormonal acne appears around the jawline or chin, usually as inflamed bumps that flare up during hormonal changes, such as menstruation.

Who Does Acne Affect?

Acne primarily affects teenagers and young adults, with nearly 85% of people aged 12-24 experiencing some form of acne. However, it can occur at any age, affecting both men and women, though adult women are more prone due to hormonal fluctuations.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), over 50 million Americans suffer from acne each year.

Risk factors include genetics, hormonal changes (e.g., puberty, menstrual cycles), stress, certain medications, and diet. Individuals with oily skin are more susceptible, as excess oil production contributes to clogged pores.

While most common in adolescence, adult acne is increasingly prevalent, particularly among women aged 25–40.

Common Locations of Acne on the Body

Acne typically appears on areas of the body with high concentrations of oil glands, as excess oil production contributes to clogged pores. The most commonly affected areas include:

Face: Forehead, nose, and cheeks are prone to blackheads, whiteheads, and inflamed pimples due to facial oil production.
Back: Known as "bacne," back acne is common due to the density of oil glands and friction from clothing.
Chest and Shoulders: Acne in these areas often results from tight clothing or sweat, which clogs pores.
Neck and Jawline: Hormonal acne frequently affects this area, especially in adult women, due to hormonal shifts.

Acne locations can vary based on skin type, lifestyle, and hormonal influences, with some experiencing breakouts in multiple areas.

Causes of Acne

Acne primarily develops when hair follicles become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria, leading to inflammation and pimples. This clogging process often results from excess sebum (oil) production, which is common during hormonal shifts like puberty and menstruation.

Other common causes include:

Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in hormones during puberty, pregnancy, or menstruation can increase oil production.
Genetic predisposition: Family history of acne increases the likelihood of developing it.
Bacterial overgrowth: Propionibacterium acnes, a bacteria, can thrive in clogged pores, causing inflammation.
Environmental factors: Humid climates and pollution can exacerbate oil production and clogging.
Diet: Foods high in sugar and dairy may trigger acne in some individuals.
Stress: Elevated stress levels can worsen breakouts due to increased hormone levels.

Additionally, lifestyle factors like inconsistent skincare routines, wearing heavy makeup, and using certain medications can contribute to acne’s onset and severity.

What Triggers Acne?

Acne can be worsened by various triggers, including:

Environmental factors: Pollution, humidity, and exposure to irritants can clog pores and increase oil production.
Diet: Sugary foods, dairy, and high-glycemic foods may aggravate acne in some people.
Stress: Elevated stress levels raise cortisol, a hormone that can increase oil production and inflammation.
Hormonal changes: Puberty, menstrual cycles, and hormonal treatments can trigger breakouts.
Medications: Certain drugs, like steroids, birth control pills, and lithium, are known to worsen acne.
Skincare and makeup: Oil-based products can block pores, leading to more acne.

Medical conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and treatments affecting hormone levels may also increase acne risk, causing flare-ups and persistence of the condition.

Factors That Worsen Acne Problem

Certain foods can contribute to acne development, including:

Dairy products: Milk and cheese may trigger breakouts in some people.
High-glycemic foods: Sugary snacks, white bread, and pastries can spike blood sugar levels, worsening acne.
Fried and greasy foods: Fast food and fried items can lead to inflammation.

Lifestyle habits that negatively impact acne include:

Inconsistent skincare: Skipping cleansing or using harsh products can aggravate the skin.
Touching the face: This transfers bacteria and oils, leading to clogged pores.
Lack of hydration: Not drinking enough water can affect skin health.

Acne Diagnosis

Healthcare professionals diagnose acne through a thorough medical history and physical examination. They assess the skin’s appearance and note the type and severity of lesions present.

Typically, no specific tests are required, but in some cases, doctors may conduct blood tests to check hormone levels, especially in women with persistent acne.

Common diagnostic methods include:

Visual examination: The doctor inspects the skin for different types of acne lesions.
Patient history: Discussing triggers, family history, and previous treatments helps guide diagnosis.
Self-assessment tools: Some online quizzes and charts can help individuals understand their acne severity and determine if professional consultation is needed.

If necessary, dermatologists may also evaluate for underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, to tailor treatment effectively.

Acne Treatment Options

Effective acne treatment often requires a combination of medications, therapies, and lifestyle changes. The time for improvement can vary, with mild cases taking 4-6 weeks to show results, while severe cases may take several months.

Medications for Acne

Topical Retinoids (e.g., Tretinoin, Adapalene): These vitamin A derivatives help unclog pores and reduce inflammation. Improvement is often seen within 4-6 weeks.
Benzoyl Peroxide: An antibacterial agent that reduces acne-causing bacteria and excess oil. Results may be noticeable within a few weeks.
Antibiotics (e.g., Clindamycin, Doxycycline): These reduce bacteria and inflammation. Typically prescribed for moderate to severe acne, they usually take 6-8 weeks to show improvement.
Oral Contraceptives: For women, certain birth control pills can regulate hormones and reduce breakouts. It may take 3-6 months for noticeable results.
Isotretinoin (Accutane): A potent oral medication for severe acne, it works by shrinking oil glands and preventing clogged pores. Improvement may take 4-6 months, but it’s reserved for the most resistant cases due to potential side effects.

Therapies for Acne

Chemical Peels: These treatments use acids to exfoliate the skin and unclog pores. A series of treatments may be needed for optimal results.
Microdermabrasion: This exfoliation technique removes dead skin cells, promoting smoother skin and reducing acne scars. It can be performed monthly for best results.
Laser Therapy: This non-invasive option targets acne bacteria and reduces oil production. Results may improve over several sessions.

Professional Treatments for Acne Management

Healthcare professionals, particularly dermatologists, play a crucial role in managing acne. They can assess severity and tailor treatment plans, offering:

Prescription medications: More potent options than over-the-counter treatments.
Laser treatments: For persistent acne or scarring.
Hormonal therapies: For women experiencing hormonal acne.

Acne Treatments Prevention Tips

Managing acne at home involves adopting a combination of natural remedies, dietary habits, and lifestyle changes. Here are some prevention tips:

Natural Home Remedies for Acne

Tea Tree Oil: Known for its antibacterial properties, tea tree oil can help reduce acne. Dilute it with a carrier oil and apply directly to affected areas.
Aloe Vera: This soothing plant can reduce inflammation and redness. Apply fresh aloe vera gel directly to the skin for relief.
Honey: With its natural antimicrobial properties, honey can help soothe acne. Apply a thin layer on blemishes and leave it on for 20-30 minutes before rinsing.
Green Tea: Rich in antioxidants, green tea can help reduce inflammation. Brew a cup, cool it, and apply it to your skin with a cotton ball.

Fruits for Acne Treatment:

Papaya: Contains enzymes that exfoliate and reduce inflammation. Mash it and apply as a mask.
Lemons: High in vitamin C, lemons can help brighten skin and reduce oil. Use lemon juice diluted with water as a toner.

Vegetables for Acne Prevention:

Cucumbers: Hydrating and soothing, apply cucumber slices or juice to calm the skin.
Spinach: Packed with vitamins A and C, consuming spinach may improve overall skin health.

Dietary Habits

Limit sugar intake: Reduce consumption of sugary snacks and drinks.
Increase fiber: Eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to support skin health.
Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day.

Lifestyle Changes

Consistent skincare routine: Cleanse and moisturize daily.
Avoid touching the face: Reduces the risk of transferring bacteria.
Manage stress: Engage in relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation.

Incorporating these home remedies and lifestyle adjustments can support acne management and promote healthier skin.

Acne Severity Levels

Acne severity is typically classified into three categories: mild, moderate, and severe.

Mild Acne: Characterized by occasional blackheads and whiteheads, it usually requires basic topical treatments. Improvement can be seen in 4-6 weeks.
Moderate Acne: Involves more frequent breakouts with papules and pustules. This may need a combination of topical and oral medications, with results taking 6–8 weeks.
Severe Acne: Includes nodules and cysts, often leading to scarring. This type requires aggressive treatment, such as isotretinoin, which can take 4-6 months for significant improvement.

Signs of worsening severity include:

Increased redness and swelling
Painful lumps beneath the skin
Rapid spread of lesions
Development of cysts

Complications in Acne Condition

If left untreated, acne can lead to several complications, the most common being scarring. These scars can be both physical and emotional, affecting self-esteem and overall well-being.

Additionally, persistent acne may cause hyperpigmentation, where dark spots linger long after the acne has cleared.

Long-term effects of acne on skin health include changes in skin texture and increased oiliness, potentially leading to chronic skin issues.

When to See a Doctor?

You should see a doctor if you experience:

Severe or persistent acne that doesn’t improve with over-the-counter treatments.
Painful cysts or nodules that develop.
Signs of infection, such as redness, warmth, or pus.
Emotional distress, including anxiety or depression related to your skin condition.

Early intervention can help prevent complications and lead to more effective treatment options.

Final Thoughts on Acne

Acne is a common skin condition affecting many individuals, characterized by various types and severity levels. Effective treatment often includes a combination of medications, therapies, and lifestyle adjustments. Maintaining a consistent skincare routine, avoiding certain dietary triggers, and managing stress are crucial for prevention and management.

It’s essential to recognize the potential complications of untreated acne, such as scarring and emotional distress. If acne persists or worsens, seeking professional help from a dermatologist is vital for tailored treatment and care.

Remember, self-care and awareness of your skin's needs are key to achieving healthier skin. By taking proactive steps, you can significantly improve your skin health and boost your confidence.

FAQs about Acne

Here are more questions answered related to Acne, commonly searched by people.

What ingredients should I avoid in skincare products for acne?

Avoid heavy oils, alcohol, and fragrances, as they can irritate the skin and clog pores. Ingredients like sodium lauryl sulfate and certain silicones may also worsen acne.

What is the biggest myth about acne?

A common myth is that acne is solely caused by poor hygiene. While cleanliness is important, acne primarily results from hormonal changes, genetics, and excess oil production.

Can acne be caused by liver problems?

While liver issues can affect skin health, acne is not directly caused by liver problems. However, overall health can impact skin conditions, including acne.

What is acne telling me about my health?

Acne can indicate hormonal imbalances, dietary issues, or stress levels. If you notice sudden changes in your skin, it might be worth consulting a healthcare professional.

Are acne and other terms like “pimples” and “zits” the same?

Yes, “pimples” and “zits” are common terms used to describe the lesions that appear during an acne breakout. They are not different conditions but rather variations of acne.

Terms Related to Acne to Be Aware Of

Comedones: Clogged hair follicles that can be open (blackheads) or closed (whiteheads).
Papules: Small red bumps that occur when pores become inflamed.
Cysts: Large, painful lesions filled with pus, often resulting from severe acne.

If you have more questions or thoughts about acne or related skin conditions, we’d love to hear from you! Share your experiences or inquiries in the comments below.

For more insightful content on skincare, treatments, and wellness, be sure to check out Arohay.